The groundwater resources in Hamedan-Bahar plain are threated by uncontrolled exploitation and overmining. So the underground water levels are depleted. The aim of this study is to analyze the welfare of farmers affected by excessive exploitation of these resources. Information collected in the field, through interviews and questionnaires completed by farmers in 2015. For this purpose, the estimation welfare function, measured the effect of reducing the groundwater level on the welfare of farmers. In this study, the effects of land adjacent to the welfare of farmers, estimated through spatial econometric approach. The correlation coefficient of the estimate showed that the use of spatial regression superior to the classical regression model. The results show that the annual welfare loss per meter groundwater level is for each farmer in wheat and potato 18754300 and 35672800 Rials, respectively. Thus, the losses to farmers, 5632235 Rials, and in the study area is 52 billion rials. Thus, decreased 2. 6 percent of the per capita income of farmers. Therefore, considerable reduction in welfare and a continuation of this situation in the long term lead to reduced water availability and reducing the welfare of farmers. Therefore Recommended investment by governments at least reduced welfare, preservation and groundwater recharge. Also be customized to farmers who participate in watershed management projects designed by the government.

The fishing in Iran's south sea resources and Persian Gulf Zone is so important for these areas and country's economy. Fishing business makes a various employment and incoming opportunities for natives, and it has an essential role to provide a Protein, and nurture families of urban and rural areas. Up to 40 commercial fish species with a shrimp are fished in Persian Gulf. A systematic management and programming in marine resources are essential for preserving sustainability in marine resource, and achieve to economic, biological, social and political goals. In this paper, the results of running a programming model are shown in short and long run scenarios. Generally, the results of mentioned scenarios show a decrease of activity and number of 20-50 or up to 50 tones fleet's vessels, and replacement of them by the first and second class vessels (20-50 tones vessels).According to these results, there is a decreasing a vessels' activity in central and southern fishing areas, and there is an increasing an activity (effort and number of vessels) in northern fishing areas. It's an important point that the results in long run scenario are more conceptual than short run scenario, and has a further change in comparison of base scenario.

Agricultural exploitation systems in Iran's agricultural sector have always played an important role in integration and allocation of human, physical, and environmental resources. The main purpose of this study was to determine the optimal utilization system in the agricultural sector of Kohgiluyeh-va-Boyerahmad province according to the economic, social, and ecological criteria. Delphi technique was used to collect the required information and the questionnaire was completed by holding briefings with the participation of 34 provincial experts, including experts in the farming system, rural cooperative organization, managers of cooperatives, and unions and leading farmers. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Choice software were used to analyze the data. The results, showed that based on total economic, social, and ecological criteria and 18 sub-criteria, with a relative weight of 0. 293, Mosha cooperative system is ranked first and is the most suitable alternative. Furthermore, with a relative weight of 0. 143, agro-industry system is ranked fifth as the least suitable alternative. It is worth mentioning that joint farming stock, peasant, and production cooperative systems ranked second, third, and fourth, respectively. Therefore, more participation of the villagers in the production of crops and sustainable agricultural development will be achieved by employing Mosha cooperatives, joint farming stock companies, and agricultural mechanization. Taken together, employment of these exploitation systems will prevent the fragmentation of agricultural lands under the current conditions.

In recent years, the general policy of the country has been based on the decision to stop the exploitation of wood from the north industrial forests. While the population is increasing, the demand for wood is increasing. Therefore, it’s necessary to find alternative sources to supply raw materials for the wood industry. In Iran, every year, a lot of wood waste is burned and wasted due to a lack of development and promotion of appropriate exploitation methods. In present study has been investigated the exploitation and optimal allocation of wood residues from pruning apple trees as raw material for the particleboard industry. Exploitation was carried out in apple orchards of Damavand city with a chipper and transported to factories by truck. Evaluations of the work process and the productivity and cost have been done with continuous timing method and optimal allocation have been made with the linear programming model by transportation method and simplex algorithm. The results showed that the longest recovery time of residues is related to the collection and transfer to the depot and chipping them, respectively and the production of residues is 1. 97 tons per hectare and the production of chips is 0. 160 tons per hour. Also, the optimal allocation of 400, 000 tons of resources from the exploitation of pruning residues of apple trees with a minimum cost of transportation (950 billion rials), while solving the problem of waste disposal and reducing environmental pollution will bring an annual profit of about 450 billion rials for the country and will be compensated part of the shortage of raw materials for the particleboard industry.

Background and Objectives: One of the main limiting factors of the development of Iran's agricultural sector is the shortage of water resources. The annual recharge of groundwater aquifers due to atmospheric precipitation has not been able to compensate for this amount of reduction in groundwater level. Also, farmers do not have enough economic incentives to minimize negative environmental effects, such as reducing groundwater aquifers level. Therefore, most decision-making issues in natural resources such as water resources management face the problem of the existence of conflicting objectives, such as maximizing economic benefits and minimizing negative environmental impacts. According to this, in the present study, the game theory method was used to manage the groundwater resources. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this study is the total wells water of Gorgan. In current study 88 questionnaires was completed by using stratified random sampling. The information required includes the production costs and agricultural water wells information in the 2014-2015. Accordingly, five scenarios for the exploitation of groundwater were considered. In order to estimate the economic benefits and environmental impacts, farmers' net income and groundwater resources exploitation were used respectively. The optimal application of groundwater resources was then determined by Non-symmetric Nash equilibrium method. Results: Based on the results of this study, the optimal crop area and the net income of farmers were decreased by declining groundwater exploitation for irrigation. Furthermore, the results of this study showed that when economic profit is considered as the only target, groundwater exploitation is at its highest level of 579 million cubic meters and when environmental goals are considered as the only target, the optimal groundwater scenario is in the minimum volume of groundwater exploitation as 66 million cubic meters. When the same weight is considered for environmental and economic goals, the best scenario for exploitation of groundwater resources is 246 million cubic meters and farmers' income is 2340000 million Iranian Rials per year. Conclusion: According to the results of sampling, farmers' exploitation from the groundwater resources of the region is wasteful. Although this operation in the short run has led to an increase in net profits, but it will lead to irreversible damage to the hydropower potential of the region and the environment in the long run. Also, the results of this study showed that the optimum exploitation from groundwater by game theory model should be less than the current exploitation. The results of optimal cropping pattern showed that the optimum cropping area is reduced by decreasing the used water.

Background and Objectives: The groundwater level of Silakhor plain has been decreasing significantly with the occurrence of successive droughts, industrial growth and increasing water needs. In addition, the cropping pattern of the region in recent years has led to the cultivation of water crops, which sets the need for efficient management in the allocation of limited water resources in the region. In this study, to determine the optimal cropping pattern of major crops in Silakhor plain, with the aim of maximizing farmers' incomes and available water and land constraints, two approaches using Linear Programming and using Multi-Objective Meta Heuristic Algorithms in different exploitation scenarios have been investigated. Materials and Methods: Before using Linear Programming and optimization algorithms, in the first step, 100 different exploitation scenarios with equal intervals were determined for each crop year. Rainfall of the last 10 years in monthly and seasonal conditions was modeled using Artificial Neural Network and Genetic Programming and a better model according to the evaluation criteria of modeling. Then the rainfall of the next three crop years was forecasted and the resulting nutrition was estimated. Due to the need for proper exploitation from aquifers, it is necessary to have less exploitation than recharging in the coming years. In Silakhor plain, 50% of groundwater abstraction is used for horticultural, industrial and drinking products. Therefore, 45% of the feeding volume in each crop year was considered as the minimum exploitation and 140% of the exploitation in 2015 was considered as the maximum exploitation. One approach to solving constrained problems using metaheuristic algorithms is to constrain the problem using the penalty function and define the minimization of the penalty function as a goal. In this regard, in the second step, using Linear Programming, the optimal cropping pattern was followed, by the maximum income of farmers with limited water exploitationin each scenario and available land. Then, by defining the mentioned limitations as different penalty functions, the unresolved issue and maximizing the farmers' income function was considered as the first goal and minimizing the penalty functions as the second goal. The multi-objective optimization algorithm continues to operate until the response obtained from Linear Programming is reached with a maximum error of one percent,It is also an acceptable answer that the amount of the fine is zero. In other words, the answer in question must not exceed the defined limits. In this study, the performance of three types of static, dynamic and classified dynamics penalty functions in three multi-objective algorithms NSGA-II, SPEA-II and PESA-II. Are evaluated. The following equation shows the general form of the objective functions. Cost Function (I): Maximum Net Income Cost Function (II): Minimum Penalty Functions. Results: The results show that along with increasing groundwater exploitation, farmers' incomes also increase,However, in the exploitation of more than 223. 5, 222. 2 and 225. 1 million cubic meters for the cropping years 2020-2021, 2021-2022 and 2022-2023, respectively, the limitation of the total arable land in Silakhor plain prevents the increase of crop cultivation. As a result, the income of farmers in the region will not change. The results of the algorithms also show that the best performance among the algorithms in this issue belongs to the SPEA-II, PESA-II and NSGA-II algorithms with the number of iterations of 12. 1, 14. 5 and 17. 8, respectively. Among the penalty functions, on average in all three algorithms, the best performance belongs to the classified dynamics, dynamic and static penalty functions with the number of iterations of 13. 1, 13. 7 and 17. 5, respectively. Conclusion: Due to the decrease of groundwater level in Silakhor plain, determining different scenarios of groundwater abstraction and optimizing the cropping pattern appropriate to each scenario, in addition to increasing the economic productivity of the region, also facilitates the management of water resources. It is impossible to introduce a single algorithm and penalty function to solve all optimization problems. However, based on the results of this study, to solve the linear constraint problems, the use of the SPEA-II algorithm with a classified dynamics penalty function is recommended.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

Today, cultural capital and its promotion are emphasized in reducing and controlling social issues such as environmental crises. It seems that sustainable development, especially its environmental aspect, depends on cultural and social factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural and social factors affecting the optimal performance of water resources protection and exploitation groups in Isfahan province. This research is based on sociological theories, the socio-psychological theory of Schwartz's altruistic behavior, Giddens's view, Moore and Maranz's view, and Stern's view. The research method is of descriptive-correlational survey type. The study population included all organizational forces and affiliated companies under the supervision of Isfahan Regional Water Company in 1400 (2021). The total number of statistical population was estimated to be 362 people. Then, 196 people were selected using Morgan's table. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics (mean, variance, standard deviation, minimum and maximum, frequency, and percentage) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling method) were also used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24 and AMOS version 24. The results showed that cultural factors (social trust, social participation, and water conflicts) and social factors (environmental awareness, environmental attitudes, and culture of improving consumption patterns) had an effect on the optimal performance of water conservation and exploitation groups in Isfahan province. Environmental awareness (with a Beta weight of 0. 235), environmental attitudes (with a Beta weight of 0. 555), consumer culture modification culture (with a Beta weight of 1. 063), social trust (with a Beta weight of 0. 830), social participation (with a Beta weight of 0. 929) and water conflicts (with a Beta weight of 0. 909) had an effect on the optimal performance of water conservation and exploitation groups in Isfahan province. Accordingly, the environmental behaviors of citizens and institutions should be eco-oriented and based on people's values, beliefs, and environmental awareness. Therefore, in the new management and practical actions in water sustainability and its environmental challenges, in addition to technical factors, the attitude and environmental knowledge of man and the cultural aspects of his behaviors should also be noticed. The result of this research showed that environmental awareness and knowledge and the weak level of social participation of local users are factors affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of water resources protection groups in Isfahan.